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Flood Basalts of the Pacific Northwest

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Flood Basalts of the Pacific Northwest

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Introduction to the Great Lavas
The text initiates with an overview of the Pacific Northwest's Great Lavas, which form the bedrock layers in eastern Washington. The speaker presents a map and cross-section of the flood basalts to illustrate.
Origin of the Lavas
Contrary to common belief, these flood basalts didn't originate from Mount Rainier. The lavas were formed from different types such as andesite, rhyolite, and daesite, each with distinct chemistries.
Geographic Reach of the Lavas
The lavas span a significant portion of the Pacific Northwest, forming a thick pile of basalt. Their existence is unrelated to the cascades or the volcanic activities of Mount Rainier and Mount Hood.
Size and Distance of the Lava Flows
The lava flows are enormous, extending up to 300 miles and exceeding 100 feet in thickness. They surpass the size of the lava flows seen in Hawaii or Iceland.
Global Presence of Similar Lavas
Similar flood lavas are present in other regions worldwide, such as Siberia and India. However, in terms of volume, the Pacific Northwest's flood basalt areas are comparatively smaller.
Link between Lavas and Mass Extinctions
The timing of these lava flows aligns with periods of significant loss of life, suggesting a potential connection between these flood lavas and mass extinctions in Earth's history.
Impact of the Lavas on Geography
The extensive lava flows have significantly altered the landscape, burying many older rock formations. This has led to mixed opinions among geologists, with some disliking the flood basalts for hiding the older rocks.
Depth of the Lava Cover
In certain areas, the lavas are up to two or three miles thick. This has caused drastic changes in elevation, with some previously above-sea-level landscapes now lying thousands of feet below sea level.
Composition of the Lavas
The lavas, referred to as a German chocolate cake, consist of 300 separate layers. They began erupting 17 million years ago and stopped around 6 million years ago.
Phases of Eruptions
The eruptions occurred at different times, with the younger ones especially being of interest due to their unique characteristics. The speaker emphasizes the importance of understanding the number of flows and the volume of magma released during these eruptions.
Importance of Fieldwork
The speaker emphasizes the crucial role of fieldwork in geology, noting the thrill of discovering new places of interest and providing directions to significant geologic sites.
Constant Learning and Research
The speaker discusses the importance of staying updated with new scientific papers and information, highlighting the constant learning and research involved in understanding these lavas.
The Concept of Fissures and Feeder Dikes
The speaker explains the concept of fissures, the cracks from which lava emerged during the volcanic activity. The term 'feeder dike,' a vertical wall of rock that cuts across horizontal layers of rock, is also introduced.
Visualizing Basalt
The speaker provides a visual explanation of basalt, the type of rock produced during the volcanic activity. The process of how the basalt would have formed, emphasizing how it would have erupted from the fissures and fallen onto the ground, is described.
The Excitement of Discovery
The speaker discusses their excitement about discovering that there are still places on the surface where one can see the lava after it came out of the sky and fell on the ground. This is referred to as 'spatter.'
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